Equations used for the scale factor

An equation for the calculation of the scale factor is given by Felten & Isaacman [2]. The equation is:

$$\frac{1}{R^2} \left(\frac{dR}{d\tau}\right)^2 = \Omega_M \fra... ...\frac{1}{3}\left(\frac{\Lambda}{H_0^2}\right)\frac{R^2-1}{R^2}$$ (10)

The numerical approach for the integration of this equation is described in section VIG below.